TWIBWIRAKO ARI ITERAMBERE RISHYA KANDI BIMAZE IMYAKA MAGANA BIBAYEHO-URUTONDE 1

Hari ibintu tubona tukibwirako bihimbwe vuba ndetse tukaba twana kwibeshyako byatekerejwe kubera iterambere mubukungu, muri technology, mubuvuzi cyangwa mubumenyi rusange (science). Nyamara usubiye inyuma mumateka wasanga byaratekerejwe ndetse byarakoreshejwe mu nyaka mirongo cyangwa Magana ishize ahubwo icyo byakorewe kuri ubuu akaba ari nkivugururwa kugirango bijyasne nigihe tujyezemo (updated). 

Hari ibyagutungura ndetse bikagutangaza kuko bigoye kwiyumvishako igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho ikimeze nka Facebook cyangwa twitter cyaba cyaratekerejwe bwa mbere mumyaka 200 ishize. Nubwo icyogihe ibintu bimwe bitashoboraga kubaho nkuko biriho none, cyangwa se nuwari kubivuga akaba yari gufatwa nkuri kurota; iyo twitegereje ibyo bavugaga tubonako bifite ihuriro ryahafi nibiriho none. Nimri urwo rwego nabateguriye urutonde rwibintu abanga babonyeko bisa cyane cyangwa bifite ihuriro rya hafi nibiriho none.

10. IBIGANIRO MBONA NKUBONE BYO KURI TELEVISION (TV REALITY-BASED SHOWS)

Ibiganiro bifatiye kubuzima busanze biri mubigezweho cyane kandi bigurish akayabo kamafaranga; ibiganiro nka the voice, the voice, american Idol, Keeping Up with the Kardishians, The Oprah Winfrey Show,… byaramamaye cyane. Ndetse no mu Rwanda ubwo bwoko bwibiganiro bigezweho nka The Ramjaane show kuri Lemigo Tv, Cooking Show ya RTV yagaragayemo Knowless na King James.

Umuhanzi The Game muri "Marrying The Game" show arikumwe n'umugore we

Kubibonye yakekako ibibiganiro byaba byaratangiye vuba cyane cyane mukinyejana cya 21 (guhera 2000) aho iterambere ry’amatelevisiyo ryiyongereye bikabije. 

Oprah Winfrey yatumiye Balak na Michelle Obama.

Nyamara ikiganiro nkicyo cyabayeho bwa mbere mu mateka muntangiriro zinyaka 1970 kuri Televiziyo yitwaga PBS; cyakoreshejwe numukozi w’amafilmes witwaga Craig Gilbert aho yasuye umuryango w’umugore witwaga Pat Loud maze akamusabako yo fata amshusho yo mubuzima bwe murugo busazwe. Ayo mashusho yaje gukundwa cyane maze ahita akoramo ikiganiro cyitwa An American Family maze mucyumweru cyambere kirebwa nabantu bagera kuri miliyoni 10.

9. IMBONI Y’INKORANO (Contact lenses)

Imboni zinkorano za kera zari nini, izubu ninke

Imboni zinkorano zishyirwa kumboni y'umuntu ngo abashe kubona

Mubuvuzi bugezweho bw’amaso; ubu ni uburyo bwo kuvura amaso no gufasha uyarwaye kubona bifashishije agakoresho gato cyane gafitemo umuti umurwayi arambira kumboni kagafataho bityo ntibimusabe kwambara amadarubindi (lunettes). Nubwo ubu buryo butaramamara mu Rwanda kubwumva byonyine bigutera kwibazako ari ibintu bitekerejwe vuba aha hagendewe kwiterambere rigezweho.

Bitandukanye nuko tubyibaza; igitekerezo cyo kuvura amaso hakoreshejwe ikintu gifata kumboni cyazanywe bwa mbere n’ umuhanga bita Leonardo Da VINCI w’umutaliyani mu w’I 1508. 

Yavugagako ushobora kuvura amaso igihe washobora kuyagumisha akora ku mazi (in direct contact with water). byafashe indi myaka 350 kugirango igisa n’imboni gikorwe bwa mbere n’ Umudage bita F.A Muller muw’ I 1887; gusa zo zari zikozwe mu kirahure kandi zigatwikira ijisho ryose. Kubera kuremera na kuba nini ntiza tumaga umuntu azigendana amasaha menshi. Imboni zinkorano iziriho ubu zakozwe n’ umunyamerika Kevin Tuohy muw’I 1948, zikaba zikoze muri plasitike kandi zifata ku mboni gusa.

8. RESTAURANTS ZIPFUNYIKA IBYO KURYA NO KURYA UJYENDA (Fast Food and Take away Restaurants)

Umuco wo kurya abantu bagenda beshi bakekako ari ibyavuba ndetseko bituruka kumibereho yavuba yabantu aho akazi gasigaye gatwara amasaha menshi bigatuma batanabona igihe cyo guteka cyangwa kwicara hasi ngo bafate ifunguro. 

Fast Food Restaurant muri Kigali

Kuribyo hakiyongeraho ko uburyo bwo kubika ibiribwa(packaging) bwateye imbere cyane kukigero cyaho ibiribwa bishobora kubikwa igihe kirekire bitetse kandi ntibyangirike. Ndetse benshi mu Rwanda bakemezako kurya bagenda ari umuco wavuba uturuka mumahanga utangiye kujyera iwacu vuba; bamwe bati ninibwo kwamaganwa ariko igitangaje nuko ari ibintu byahozeho yewe nambere y’ivuka rya Kristu.

Itongo rigaragaza Fast Food Restaurant yambere yivuka rya Kristu

Nkuko uwahoze akuriye Archaeological Institute of America Professor Stephen Dyson yabitangaje, mubushakashatsi bwakorewe ahahoze umujyi witiriwe umwami waba Romani Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106 -48 BC) witwaga Pompeii ukaza gusenyuka muri 79 AD; ngo uretse abategetsi nabakire abandi benshi bari batunzwe no kugura ibiryo kuma restaurants yo kumuhanda ubund bakabirya bagenda cyangwa bakabitwara kubisangira ninshuti n’imiryango ahantu hatandukanye. Ibyo kandi bigaragazako byakorwaga no mutundi duce twari twegeranye na Pompeii, yewe ni Rome ubwaho.

7. IMBUGA NKORANYAMBAGA (Social Medias)

Imbuga nkoranyambaga si iza vuba aha

Twitter, Facebook, Skype, Instagram, Blogger,…nizindi mbuga nkoranya mbaga bifatwa nkatumwe mudushya twikinyejana cya 21; kandi koko byari bigoranye kujyirango ugire aho wumva rimwe muri ayo mazina mumyaka cumi nitanu ishize. Ariko nyamara ibikora nkibyo bikora, nubwo bitakora kimwe nabyo; byabayeho mukinyejana cya 16.

Ahagana mumyaka 1560, urubyiruko rwo mucyo twakwita Ubuholandi na Sweden batangiye kuzajya batembera mubice byuburayi byari biteye imbere kurusha iwabo; nko mubu France, Ubudage, Ubutariyani, Ubwongereza, Turkiya n’ahandi bashakisha ubumenye mumashuri yahoo yari itaye imbere mu Burayi. Aho bacaga bagiraga udukayi bandikagamo inshuti nabandi bantu bagiye bamenya bose bitaga Alba Amicorum muruimi rw’iki Latini cyangwa “Friends Books” mucyongereza.

Munsi yaburi zina riri muri ako gatabo habaga harimo uko umuzi, aho mwahuriye n’aho abarizwa. 

Ndetse abandi bongeragaho ibiganiro bagiranye nkicyo twakwita “chat” kumbuga nkoranyambaga za none. Habagaho kandi aba haga akazi abahanzi mubyo gushushanya bagashushanya amashusho yaburi wese wamenye doreko ibyo gufotora byari bitarabaho. Ibyo bitugaragarizako n’urubyiruko rwa kera cyane nubwo batari bafite internet na smartphones bari bafite uburyo basangira ibitekerezo twagereranya na facebook, Twitter, Instagram, na Whatsapp byanone.

6. KUBAGA INDWARA Z’UBWONKO (Brain Surgery)

Ibisigazwa byabantu byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko kubaga ubwonko byahozeho

Kubaga ubwonko kuri ubu bikorwa nabahanga baboneka hake kandi bisaba ubushishozi no kwitwararika

 Abashakashatsi mubisigazwa by’amateka Archaeologists bemezako kubaga ubwonko byahozeho kuva mugihe bita Neolitic cyibarirwa nko mumyaka ibihumbi bitanu ishize. Ibi biragoye kubyiyumvisha ugereranyije nukuntu ubu kubaga ubwonko ari ibintu biboneka hake, bihenze kandi bikagomba nimpuguke zo kurwego rwo hejuru kugirango bikorwe.

Icyuma cyabugenewe cyacukuraga akobo mu mutwe bavura ubwonko

Nikubwiyo mpamvu Atari muganga wese cyangwa ivuriro ribonetse ryose ribaga ubwonko kuko abenda gukorerwa ubwo buvuzi usanga boherejwe mubihugu byateye imbere mubuvuzi nk’Ubuhinde, Korea Yepfo, Iburayi, Usa nahandi. 

Ibi bituruka kukamaro ntasimbuzwa ubwonko bufitiye umuntu doreko aribwo butegeka imikorere y’umubiri wose.

Tekinike ya Prepanation yakoreshaga mukubaga ubwonko

Uburyo bwakundaga gukoreshwa muri iccyo gihe nubwo bita ‘Trepanation’ aho bakuragaho nka gace ko mu magufwa agize umutwe bakagasimbuza ikindi kintu gitsindagira ubwonko nk’igiceri. 


Mu 1997 mu gace kamwe ko mubuFrace havumbuwe ibisigazwa by’umuntu umaze ikigereranyo cy’imyaka 7,000 apfuye kandi bikabonekako yapfuye ari mukigero cy’imyaka 50; yari afite imyenge ibiri ikase neza mu magufwa y’umutwe kandi kumpande ntaho andi magufwa yari yarangiritsi.

Ibi byagaragaje ko uwabikoze yabikoze abyitondeye ko Atari ubugome cyangwa impanuka. Kandi kuba atarahitanywe nuku kubagwa bigaragazako kubaga ubwonko nibice bibwegereye byari byaratangiye mbere y’uko abagwa bityo uwamubaze akaba yari yarabikoze cyangwa yarigishijwe uko bokorwa nabamubanjirihe.

 

 

5. TELEPHONE

Ubusanzwe kuvumburwa kwa telephone byitiriwe Alexander Graham Bell;  umunya Amerika ukomoka muri Scotland wakoraga mu kigo cyabafite ubumuga bwo kutumva wamuritse telephone ye mu mwaka w'i 1876.

A.G. Bell amurika telephone ye muw'i 1876

A.G Bell akoresha telephone ye n'uko yari iteye

Telephone yambere yavumbuwe muri Peru

Nyamara Igitekerezo cyo gukora telephone cyabayeho mu myaka 1200 ishize; kikaba cyari cyagizwe nabaturage bo mubwoko bwaba Chimu bo mukibaya cya Rio Morche ho mumajyaruguru ya Peru,ni muri Amerika ya’Amajyepfo. Umucyerarugendo wo muri Prussia(Ubudage bwubu) witwa Baron Walram V.Von Schoeler; ahagana mu 1930 yavumbuye telephone yambere bari barakoze muri Peru Ubu ikaba ibitse munzu ndangamurage yabakavukire bo muri Amerika (American Indians).

Iyo telephone ikaba yarashoboraga gutwara amajwi kuri metero 22; yakoreshwaga n’abantu bo munzego zo hejuru kuko batabaga bifuza guhura narubanda rugufi.

iPhone 5 zimwe muri telephone zigezweho

4. IMODOKA (Automobiles)

Imodoka zigezweho zitandukanye cyane nizazibanjirije

Nubwo benshi nita Karl Benz wahimbye imodoka za ‘Benz Se w’imodoka’(father of Automobiles); nyamara byasabye gukoranya ibikorwa byabarenga 100000 kugirango hagerweho imodoka nkizo tubona aha hanze.

Ubumenyi nkubwa Leonardo Da Vinci, Isaac Newton byose byatangaga ibishushanyo nganderwaho mugukora imodoka.

Ikinyamitende cyambere kidakururwa n'inyamaswa cyakozwe na N.J Cugnot

Mu 1769,Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot yabaye iwanbere mukubaka no gufatikanya ibyuma bitandukanye akora ikinyamitende kitwara bidasabye imbaraga zaamaboko cyangwa amaguru y’umuntu ikaba yarakoreshejwe bwambere ningabo zaba Fransa,ikaba yari igizwe n’amapine ane. Ikaba yari igamije gutwara imizigo kurugamba; ikaba yarashoboraga kugenda ibirometero 5.

Mu 1771, impanuka yambere y’imodoka yabayeho ubwo uwari utwaye yagonze urukuta rw’amabuye; Cugnot yaje kubura amafaranga yo gukomeza ubuvumbuzi bwe. 

Benz Velo imwe mu modoka za mbere zabayeho

Mu mwaka 1886, umudage witwa Karl Benz yakoze imodoka yambere muburayi yo mubwoko bwa Benz Patent Motorwagen.

Henry Ford mu modoka ye yambere Ford Quadricycle

Nyuma y'imyaka mike muw'i 1896; Henry Ford wo muri Amerika yahimbye imodoka ye yambere yitwa Ford Quadricycle; ndetse azagukora nindi muw'i 1898 ari muri Henry Ford Company ariko bitewe nuko imodoka bakoze yari ihenze kandi atumvikana nabo bakoranaga, muw'i 1902 Henry Ford yavuye muri iyo kompanyi ndetse bayihindurira izina bayita Cadillac Automobile Company.

1908 Ford Model T imodoka ya mbere yakozwe na  Ford Motor Company

Muw'i 1903, Ford yifatanyije numucuruzi ukomeye mumugi akomokamo wa Detroit Alexander Malcomson ndetse nabandi bafatanya bikorwa maze Ford Motor Company nkuko izwi kuri ubu. muw'i 1908  yasohoye imodoka yambere yamamaye yitwa Ford Model T.

 

3. KUDAKINGIZA ABANA (Anti-Vaccination movement)

Bamwe bafata inkingo nkizitandukanye nugushaka kw'Imana

Nubwo Atari ibintu tumenyereye cyano hano iwacu ariko mubindi bihugu hari amatsinda y’abantu barwanya byeruye ikoreshwa ry’inkingo kubwimpamvu nyinshi zaba izubuzima cyangwa izimyemerere. Kandi niwacu birahari cyane cyane muri amwe mu madini aho gukingira no guhabwa amaraso bifatwa nkibinyuranyije nugushaka kw’Imana.

Ariko si ibintu byi byaduka kuko kuva unkingo zabaho muriza 1800, zivumbuwe na Edward Jenner habayeho abantu bazirwanya mu Bwongereza. 

Ibinyamakuru byarakoreshejwe mukwamamaza ibyo bitekerezo

Mu 1867, umuryango wiyitwa Anti-Cumpulsory Vaccination League yashyizweho I London kugirango irwanye itegeko ryavugagako bitegetswe buri mu byeyi gukingiza umwana we. Nyuma y’imyaka icumi; mu 1877 umuryango nkuwo waravutse muri Amerika witwa Anti-Vaccination Society of Amerika. Iyo miryango yakomeje gukoresha imyigaragambyo n'ibinyamakuru kugirango bamaze ibitekerezo byo kudakingiza abana bavugako ari ikimenyetso cy'ibyahanuwe muri Bibiliya. nyamara benshi mubana hirya no hino kwisi ibihumbi by'abana byitabimana bazize indwara zakabaye zaririnzwe iyo inkingo ziba zarafashwe uko bikwiye; cyane cyane mubihugu bikiri inyuma mu majyambere.

2. UBWATO BUJYENDERA MUNSI Y’INYANJA (Submarines)

Amato yo munsi y'inyanja akoreshwa cyane n'igisirikare

Abenshi bibwirako ubu bwato kabuhariwe bugendera munsi y’inyanja bwahimbwe mugihe cy’itambara yambere y’Isi kuko ariho ikoreshwa ryabwo ryamenyekanye cyane kuruhando rw’Isi yabaye mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20. Ariko ubwato bwo munsi y’Inyanja bwa shushanyijwe bwambere na William Bourne mu 1580, aho yasobanuyeko impamvu ituma ubwato bureremba hejuru yamazi aruko ireme fatizo (density) yabwo iri hasi yiy’ amazi; akomeza avugako uramutse uramutse ugiye ugabanya unongera ireme fatizo rw’ubwato kukigereranyo cy’amazi bugenda busunika byatuma ubwato bwibira cyangwa bukareremba ariko ntiyigeze abikora.

Ubwato bwa mbere bwa C.V. Drebbel

Mu 1620 niho Cornelius Van Drebbel wri ushinzwe ibyo guhanga udushya kungoma y’umwami w’ubwongereza James I y’ubatse ubwato bugendera munsi y’amazi bwari bufite abagomba kugashya barenga 12 kuko moteri zari zitarabaho.

Ubwato bwa Bushell bwakoreshejwe mugutega ibiturika ku mato y'Abongereza

 Mu 1776, mugihe cyo kurwanira ubwigenge cyabany’Amerika Bushell yubatse ubwato bwitwa ‘Turtle’ bugendera munsi y’inyanja akabukaresha atega ibiturika kundiba z’ubwato bw’intambara bw'Abongereza. Mu 1890, ubwato bugendera munsi y’inyanja bukoresheje moteri za gaz na peterol bwubatse na John P. Holland wakoreraga abanyamerika na Simon Lake wakoreraga abarussiya.

1.     IMYANDIKIRE Y’UBUTUMWA BUGUFI IDAKURIKIJE AMATEGEKO Y’URURIMI  (Text Messages  Slang)

Imyandikire y’ubutumwa bugufi kurubu iratangaje ndetse hari nabenshi babinamo nko kwica ururimi cyangwa se ubunebwe cyane cyane murubyiruko aho usanga amagambo menshi bayahinye, andi inyuguti bazi simbye kubushake, ndete abandi interuro bazihinduramo inyuguti nkeya kandi ugasanga bose babyumvikanaho.

Kurubu itumanaho ryateye imbere kuburyo umuntu ashobora kuganira n’abantu barenze batatu icyarimwe kubutumwa bugufi; ibi bisaba kuba ushobora kubasubiza mugihe gito gishoboka kuburyo ntawutegereza ko usubiza ubutumwa bwe ngo arambirwe.

Kwandikirana Ubutumwa bugufi bisigaye byiganjemo imyandikire idakurikije amakegeko

Ariko ibi ntibitangiye vuba cyangwa ngo tuvugeko ari ibyazanye nikwirakwira ry’ikoreshwa ry’imbuga nkoranyambaga nka Whatsapp na Facebook; Ahubwo byahozeho kuko byamamaye cyane mu myaka yi 1890 nyuma yo gutangira uburyo bwokoherezanya ubutumwa kubantu bategeranye bwa ’Telegraph’.

Kohereza ubutumwa ukoresheje Telegraph byarahendaga cyane muri icyo gihe kandi wagombaga kwishyura hakurikije umubare w’inyuguti wohereje. Bityo abantu batangira guhina amagambo ninteruro zimwe nazimwe kugirango bagabanye ikiguzi cyo kohereza ubutumwa.

Ibi biba akarusho kubakoresha ururimi rw’Icyongereza aho usanga mubiganiro byabantu kubutumwa bugufi higanjemo inyuguti zisimbura imvugo zimenyerewe nka:

           

1.     2moro - Tomorrow

2.     2nite - Tonight

3.     BRB - Be Right Back

4.     BTW - By The Way -or- Bring The Wheelchair

5.     B4N - Bye For Now

...Reba urutonde rwose hano

48.                        WTF - What The F***

49.                        WYWH - Wish You Were Here

50.                        XOXO - Hugs and Kisses

Ibyo nibyo bintu icumi nari nabateguriye twibwirako ari ibyaduka by’itera mbere ariko ari ibintu byabayeho kera cyane cyangwa byatekerejwe mu nyaka amagana na magana ishize.

Icyo nifuza kurangirizaho ni imvugo yo muki Latin igira iti “Nihil Novi Sub Sole” isobanurwa mu cyongereza iti “Nothing New Under The Sun.” jye nkaba nababaza nti ese koko ‘ntakintu gishya kiri kw’isi?’. Reka ntegereze ibitekerezo byanyu.

Ahashize haduteganyiriza None N'Ejo hazaza